Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is susceptible to populist impulses. It is still healthier than expected.
The country is searching for a new way of developing. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for ancestors and as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist culture trend forming.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and even made furs. They also established tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metallurgy business, making iron tools, including bronze. They traded with other countries and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan, as well as art styles, a written language, and papermaking.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern part of the peninsula. This state adopted Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state where the monarch and other senior officials were members of the land aristocracy, while the rest of its population was peasants. The state extracted taxes from these citizens and sometimes required them to fight in the army or take part in projects for the government like building fortifications.
At the end of the period, the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew into the southwest part of the peninsula, and clashed against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thought into its state belief system and made the male-centric filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible for their families and had to be obeyed and respected by all, including their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a nation that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the shapes that were created by the mouth when pronouncing. This significantly improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was the first to be recorded.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of cist graves lined with stone, and decorated with valuable items like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, made of huge single stones, are prevalent throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was then controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern region of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not believe to be a true Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all, but its dynasty ended with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE leaving Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to work together in order to expand their territorial holdings. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea is entering a post-crisis period, its development paradigm seems to be changing. People who are shocked by the enormous cost of the old system are urging the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization in capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system want to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and generating fear about job losses.
Academic and policy analysts remain starkly divided as to the extent to which these two developments are driving Koreas development towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article assesses developments to date, by looking at five phases of the country's political evolution including the illiberal democratic period (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and participatory democracy (2002 to present). 에볼루션 무료체험 identifies key factors that seem to influence these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views to this population. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly one-third of respondents didn't believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs. 17% said they did not understand it. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States, where a similar number of people are not convinced that humans evolved from earlier forms of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea focused primarily on the education of students and in bringing Christ to them. A significant increase in interest in creation science began in the year 1980, when there was the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. This event attracted a huge number of church leaders, and scientists.
The success of this event resulted in the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st, 1981. The inaugural event was widely reported in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it was well-received by the public.
KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated slides and film strips from ICR as well as some books on the subject of creationism, which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks at universities and churches throughout the country.
A KACR success was observed at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and secured support to build an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, which covers topics in creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created a network of local branch offices that give seminars and talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the latter half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements imported from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. At this time the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, became loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers and other instruments of music.
Korea's new development model is being formed in the wake of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is to find a balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires a change in the incentives monitoring and discipline schemes that have created the pre-crisis system. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and migrants from northern China. Baekje, an important regional power in the early 4th century extended its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders at the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also was in control of a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
However the rule of his was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was then under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.